Anatomy & Physiology I Course Outline
Unit 1.1: Why is anatomical terminology important?
Concepts Covered:
- What is the study of anatomy?
- How does physiology differ from anatomy?
- What is life?
- Why is anatomical position important?
- What are the different types of medical imaging?
Unit 1.2: What is homeostasis?
Concepts Covered:
- How does thermoregulation work?
- What is negative feedback?
- What is positive feedback?
Unit 1.3: How are the structures of the body organized?
Concepts Covered:
- What are the hierarchical levels of organization in life?
- Why are organ systems important?
Unit 2.1: What are basic chemistry principles?
Concepts Covered:
- What are the properties of matter?
- Why are electrons important?
- How do elements and compounds differ?
- What is the periodic table of elements?
Unit 2.2: What are chemical bonds, reactions, and vital inorganic compounds?
Concepts Covered:
- What are ionic bonds?
- What are covalent bonds?
- How do hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals interactions differ?
- What is the role of energy in chemical reactions?
- What forms of energy are important in human fuctioning?
- What are the unique qualities of water?
- How are concentrations of solutes measured?
- What role does water play in chemical reactions?
- Why are salts important in the body?
- What is pH and how do acids and bases compare?
Unit 2.3: What are the structures and functions of organic compounds?
Concepts Covered:
- What large organic molecules are important to life?
- How do polymerization and hydrolysis differ?
- What are carbohydrates?
- What is the difference in monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?
- What are lipids?
- What is a phospholipid?
- How are proteins formed?
- Why are amino acids critical to life?
- What are polypeptides?
- What are the levels of protein structure?
- What are nucleic acids?
- What nitrogenous bases make up nucleic acids?
Unit 3.1: What are the levels of intracellular organization?
Concepts Covered:
- What are cells?
- What is a eukaryotic cell?
- What are the parts of a eukaryotic animal cell?
- Why do I need to know this about my body, or as a nurse?
- What is inside the nucleus?
- What are genes?
- What is DNA replication?
- How do genes regulate expression?
Unit 3.2: How are proteins synthesized?
Concepts Covered:
- What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
- How does transcription occur?
- How does translation occur?
Unit 3.3: What is the structure and function of the cell membrane?
Concepts Covered:
- What is the structure of a cell membrane?
- How do molecules or particles cross cell membranes?
- What is tonicity and how does it relate to water balance?
- What is active transport and how does it work?
- What are the different types of energy?
Unit 3.4: How do energy, metabolism, and enzymes relate to cells?
Concepts Covered:
- What is energy?
- What are the different metabolic pathways?
- What are enzymes?
- What is the induced fit model?
- How can enzymes be inhibited?
Unit 3.5: What is the cell cycle and mitotic cell division?
Concepts Covered:
- Why do cells divide?
- What are the stages of the cell cycle?
- What are the phases of mitosis?
- How do the cell cycle and mitosis relate?
- Can mitosis cause cancer?
Unit 3.6: What is meiotic cell division?
Concepts Covered:
- What is meiosis?
- What are the phases of meiosis I?
- What are the phases of meiosis II?
Unit 3.7: How do mitosis and meiosis differ?
Concepts Covered:
- What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Unit 4.1: What are characteristics of primary tissue types?
Concepts Covered:
- What are the basic categories of tissues?
- Why is epithelial tissue important?
- What are the different types of epithelial tissue?
- Why is glandular epithelium and secretions important?
- What types of connective tissue are found throughout the body?
- What are the different types of connective tissue?
- How do the different types of muscle tissue compare?
- What is the purpose of nervous tissue?
- How are organs composed?
Unit 4.2: What are the structure and functions of membranes in tissues?
Concepts Covered:
- What are the different types of membranes?
- What is the generalized functions of epithelial tissue?
Unit 4.3: How does injury and aging affect tissues?
Concepts Covered:
- How does tissue repair after injury?
- What impact does aging have on tissues?
- How does cancer affect tissue?
Unit 5.1: What is the structure and function of the skin?
Concepts Covered:
- What are the different layers of the skin?
- What is the epidermis and how does skin cancer affect it?
- What are the dermal layers?
- What are the skin’s accessory organs?
- How do the different layers of the skin compare?
Unit 5.2: What are factors that affect skin function?
Concepts Covered:
- How do skin pigment disorders affect skin?
- Where does vitamin D come from?
- How does aging affect the skin?
- What are other factors that can affect the skin?
Unit 6.1: What are bones?
Concepts Covered:
- What critical functions does the skeletal system perform?
- How are human bones classified?
- What are bones made of?
- What are the functions of bone markings?
- What composes the histology of bones?
- What is the difference between compact and spongy bone?
Unit 6.2: How do bones grow, develop, remodel, and repair fractures?
Concepts Covered:
- What are the different kinds of ossification?
- What are the structures of long bones and how do they grow?
- What diseases affect bones and how do bones repair a fracture?
- How does nutrition affect bone tissue?
- How do hormones and aging affect bone tissue?
Unit 6.3: What is the axial skeleton?
Concepts Covered:
- What bones make up the brain case?
- What is the skull?
- What does the skull look like from different views?
- What are the frontal and occipital bones?
- What is the sphenoid bone?
- What is the ethmoid bone?
- What are sutures and disorders of the skull?
- What are the facial bones of the skull?
- What does the skull look like from the lateral view?
- What is the vertebral column?
- What is the general structure of a vertebrae?
- What are intervertebral discs?
- What is the thoracic cage?
- How does the axial skeleton develop embryonically?
- What are homeostatic imbalances?
Unit 6.4: What is the appendicular skeleton?
Concepts Covered:
- The appendicular skeletal system consists of what bones?
- The arm is made of what bones?
- What are the humerus, ulna, and radius?
- What structures comprise the pelvic girdle?
- What bones comprise the lower limbs?
Unit 7.1: What are joints?
Concepts Covered:
- How are joints classified?
- What are the different types of body movements?
- What are synovial joints?
- What are shoulder joints?
- What are knee joints?
Unit 7.2: What is the structure and function of muscle tissue?
Concepts Covered:
- What are the types of muscle tissue, cellular anatomy, and functional unit of contraction?
- What is the histology of muscle tissue?
- What are the functional properties of muscle?
Unit 7.3: What is the gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle?
Concepts Covered:
- How are skeletal muscles organized?
Unit 7.4: What are the energy needs for skeletal muscle contraction?
Concepts Covered:
- How do we send signals to skeletal muscles?
- What is the sliding filament theory?
- How do muscles contract and relax?
- What are the steps of the SFT?
- How is ACh removed?
- What are the needs for muscular energy?
Unit 7.5: How are muscles able to increase tension and perform during different levels of exercise?
Concepts Covered:
- What is the function of a motor unit?
- What are myograms and what do they tell us about muscle twitch and summation?
- When do isotonic and isometric contractions occur?
- What are the different types of muscle fibers?
- What effect does exercise have on skeletal muscle fibers?
Unit 7.6: How does muscle tissue regenerate?
Concepts Covered:
- What effect does aging have on skeletal muscle?
- Are there any disorders that affect muscle tissue?
Unit 7.7: What are the similarities and differences of cardiac and smooth muscle tissue?
Concepts Covered:
- What is cardiac muscle?
- What is smooth muscle?
Unit 8.1: What are the functional and anatomical organizations of the nervous system?
Concepts Covered:
- How is the nervous system divided?
- What are the major divisions of the nervous system?
- How is the body controlled?
- What did we learn?
Unit 8.2: What is the gross and microscopic anatomy of nerve tissue?
Concepts Covered:
- What is the anatomy of a neuron?
- What are the cells of the nervous tissue?
Unit 8.3: What is action potential?
Concepts Covered:
- What is membrane potential?
- Why is the membrane semi-permeable?
- What is the action potential?
- How is graded potential different from action potential?
- How to graded potentials affect membranes?
- How does an action potential travel along the neuron?
Unit 8.4 How do neurons communicate?
Concepts Covered:
- What happens during a synaptic transmission?
- How are neurotransmitter systems grouped?
- What did we learn?
Unit 8.5: What is the anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves?
Concepts Covered:
- What are the regions of the spinal cord?
- What are the roles of the spinal nerves?
- Which regions of the spinal cord are responsible for sensory functions & motor functions?
- What is gray and white matter?
- How are peripheral sensations sent to the brain?
- What is the reflex arc?
- What causes neural disorders?
Unit 8.6 What are the origins, structures, and functions of the cranial nerves and all parts of the brain?
Concepts Covered:
- Introduction: How is the localization of function concept applied to the brain?
- How does the brain develop?
- What are the structures of the cerebrum?
- What are the regions of the cerebral cortex?
- Who was Phineas P. Gage?: The brain’s ability to recover
- How much of your brain do you use?
- What is Parkinson’s disease?
- Is being left-brained or right-brained a myth?
- What are common brain disorders?
- What are the structures of the brain stem?
- How is blood supplied to the brain?
- What are ventricles?
- What are disorders of the CNS?
Unit 8.7: What is the structure & function of the autonomic nervous system?
Concepts Covered:
- What are the divisions of the nervous system?
- How does the hypothalamus control the autonomic nervous system?
- What is dual innervation and how does it affect homeostasis?
- What disorders compromise the sympathetic functions?
- What did we learn?
Unit 8.8: How are general senses defined?
Concepts Covered:
- What is the difference between general and specific senses?
- What are sensory receptors?
- What are the functions of neuronal components?
- What are the components and functions of the somatic motor pathways?
- What are the basic elements of the somatic nervous system?
- What disorders affect the sensory, motor and integrative systems?
- How do people perceive touch?
Unit 8.9: How are the special senses defined?
Concepts Covered:
- What does the G-Protein coupled receptor do?
- How are different types of taste perceived?
- What are the different parts of the olfactory system?
- How does audition (hearing) work?
- What affects a person’s equilibrium?
- What did we learn?
Unit 8.10: What structures and functions are responsible for the sense of vision?
Concepts Covered:
- What structures are necessary for vision?
- What are extrinsic eye muscles responsible for?
- How does the eye process images?
- What functions occur on the microscopic level of the retina?
- What is photoisomerization?
- How do the eyes process and perceive color?
- What are the different visual pathways?
